lautnusantara.com_Fisheries cultivation, also known as aquaculture, is an activity of producing and developing aquatic commodities or organisms, such as fish, seaweed, and other aquatic biota, with the aim of gaining economic benefits and providing value for human needs. This activity plays an important role in supporting food security, increasing community income, and strengthening the fisheries sector.

One of the most important aspects of fisheries cultivation is the selection of culture facilities. Culture facilities are places or infrastructures used to rear and develop aquatic commodities so that they can grow and develop optimally. In general, fisheries culture facilities are divided into two types: closed systems and open systems.

This article focuses on fisheries culture facilities using an open system. An open system is a cultivation method carried out in public waters, such as lakes, rivers, reservoirs, bays, and seas. This system is strongly influenced by surrounding environmental conditions because there are almost no physical barriers between the cultured organisms and their natural environment. Therefore, factors such as water currents, water quality, tides, and weather greatly affect the success of cultivation.

The following are several types of fisheries culture facilities used in open systems.

1. Floating Net Cages (FNC)

Floating Net Cages (FNC) are one of the most commonly used fisheries culture facilities, especially in lakes and reservoirs. FNC consist of frames made of wood or bamboo, nets as fish enclosures, and floats that keep the cages floating on the water surface.

The nets are attached to wooden or bamboo frames and supported by floats to maintain stability. According to Rochdianto (2005), floating net cages are generally placed in waters with depths greater than 2 meters. Fish species commonly cultured using this method include common carp, Java barb, and tilapia in freshwater, as well as grouper in marine waters.

The FNC method requires relatively high capital investment; however, it offers advantages such as ease of harvesting and fish grading. In addition, feeding management and growth monitoring are easier to control.

2. Fixed Net Cages

Fixed net cages are similar in principle to floating net cages, with the main difference being their installation method. In fixed net cages, the nets do not float on the water surface but are instead anchored or embedded into the bottom of the water body using bamboo or wooden frames.

This type of cage is usually applied in relatively shallow waters, with depths ranging from 3 to 7 meters. Fixed net cages are commonly located in reservoirs, lakes, or calm rivers. In practice, tidal fluctuations must be considered because they can affect the position and stability of the cages.

Fixed net cages generally require lower construction costs compared to floating net cages, but they offer less flexibility in placement and management.

3. Floating Rafts

Floating rafts are fisheries culture facilities that use bamboo frames as the main structure without nets. Cultured organisms are placed in containers or directly attached, then tied with ris ropes and suspended from the floating raft.

The size of floating rafts varies, but they are commonly around 3 × 3 meters. The materials used include bamboo frames, floats, ris ropes, and anchors. Ris ropes are usually made of polyethylene, which is strong and resistant to aquatic conditions.

Commodities commonly cultured using floating rafts include shellfish, seaweed, and pearl oysters. In seaweed cultivation, bamboo rafts also function as the main floating structure.

4. Long Line System

The long line system is a type of open-system fisheries cultivation method that uses long ropes stretched across the water without nets. This method is very popular among local communities because the required equipment is relatively inexpensive and the technology used is simple.

The ropes used in the long line system are generally 50–100 meters long and are equipped with floats, such as plastic drums, placed every 25 meters. This method is commonly applied in bay areas with relatively calm currents.

The ropes used in the long line system are similar to the ris ropes used in floating raft systems. Commodities commonly cultured using this method include blood clams, green mussels, and seaweed. The long line system has advantages in terms of simplicity and low maintenance costs.

Closing

Based on the discussion above, it can be concluded that open-system fisheries culture facilities have various forms and methods, each with its own characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The selection of appropriate culture facilities must be adjusted to environmental conditions, the type of cultured commodities, and the available capital and technology. With proper management, open-system aquaculture can provide significant economic benefits while supporting the sustainability of aquatic resources.

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