lautnusantara.com As is known, the open sea is an unbounded area. The sea has surface conditions similar to the land. The ocean surface is not a flat surface. This means that some parts of the ocean depth are shallow, and some are deep. Generally, the average ocean depth is 3.7 kilometers. Based on its depth, the ocean is divided into several horizontal and vertical zones.

Horizontally, the ocean can be divided into two parts: the neritic zone and the oceanic zone. Vertically, the ocean zones are divided into: the epipelagic zone, mesopelagic zone, bathyal zone, and abyssal zone.

Epipelagic Zone

This zone is the shallow sea zone. It is the part of the ocean that receives enough sunlight for algae to photosynthesize. This zone extends from the sea surface down to a depth of 200 meters. This shallow sea zone is home to familiar marine animals such as plankton, dolphins, whales, jellyfish, and sharks. Algae living in the epipelagic zone are responsible for providing food for organisms that live in the sea. In addition, algae also produce at least 50 percent of the total oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.

Mesopelagic Zone

The mesopelagic zone is located below the epipelagic zone to the point where sunlight can no longer penetrate the ocean. The depth of the mesopelagic zone lies at 200-1,000 meters. The most common animals living in this zone are bristlemouth fish. Plant life is very rare in this zone.

Bathyal Zone

The bathyal zone is also called the deep sea zone. This zone stretches below the mesopelagic zone down to a depth of 4,000 meters. The size of the bathyal zone is very large, approximately 15 times that of the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones combined. It is the largest ecosystem on Earth. Organisms living in the bathyal zone live in complete darkness without any sunlight. However, some organisms in this zone can create their own light. This light comes from plankton consumed by deep-sea fish, and the emission of light is called bioluminescence.

Abyssal Zone

The abyssal zone is also known as the very deep sea zone. This zone stretches below the bathyal zone all the way to the seafloor. This zone is located so far below the ocean surface that no sunlight whatsoever enters it. Therefore, the temperature in the abyssal zone is also extremely cold. Life is rarely found in this zone.

The Deepest Point in the Ocean

The deepest part of the ocean is called the Challenger Deep and is located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Challenger Deep has a depth of 10,916 meters or about 11 kilometers. This deepest part of the ocean was named after the crew who first discovered this part of the sea in 1875, the HMS Challenger. In 2009, researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted an unmanned robotic dive into the Challenger Deep. The robot reached a depth of 10,902 meters.

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