lautnusantara.com Pathogenic bacteria are one of the main causes of disease in fish, both in farmed (aquaculture) and wild fish, which can cause significant economic losses and also affect human health (zoonosis).

Diseases caused by bacteria in fish are known as bacteriosis.

The following is an explanation of the role of pathogenic bacteria as a cause of disease in fish, their types, and their impacts:
Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Disease in Fish
Diseases caused by bacteria in farmed fish are often triggered by stress factors (high density, poor water quality, extreme temperature fluctuations).
1. Main Types of Pathogenic Bacteria in Fish
Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus sp. (e.g., S. agalactiae), Vibrio sp. (e.g., V. anguillarum), Edwardsiella tarda, Flavobacterium columnare.
2. Mechanism of Disease
Pathogenic bacteria attack fish through several routes:

• Wounds or Abrasions: Bacteria enter through wounds in the skin, fins, or gills caused by handling, parasites, or fighting.
• Water/Environment: Infection occurs when fish ingest water containing bacteria (oral infection) or through gill absorption.
• Stress: When fish experience stress (poor water quality, extreme temperatures, high density), their immune systems weaken, allowing opportunistic bacteria to multiply and become pathogens.

3. Impact of Bacterial Diseases

• High Mortality: Bacteriosis often causes rapid mass mortality in aquaculture, harming farmers.
• Decreased Quality: Diseased fish have low weight, poor physical appearance, and are often unmarketable.
• Public Health (Zoonoses): Some bacteria (e.g., Vibrio sp. and some Aeromonas sp.) can be transmitted from fish to humans, primarily through handling sick fish or consuming undercooked fish.

4. Control
Control of bacterial diseases is crucial in aquaculture:

• Water Management: Maintaining optimal water quality (dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia).
• Bio-Security: Implementing strict biosecurity to prevent the introduction of external pathogens.
• Antibiotic Use: Should only be used under the supervision of a veterinarian and at the correct dosage to prevent resistance.
• Vaccination: Some diseases, such as Streptococcosis and Vibriosis, can be prevented by vaccination.

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