lautnusantara.com Besides generating high economic value, the fishery industry also plays a role in producing waste. Fishery waste can be processed into various types of processed products. Fishery waste refers to the residue from processed fishery products that is unused and considered unable to be processed further. Examples include bones, skin, fins, heads, scales, and fish guts/viscera. If left alone, fish waste can become a problem in the fish processing industry. Therefore, fishery waste is re-processed so that it can be utilized and even have economic value.

The types of processed fishery waste products include:

• Fish meal 

• Fish oil 

• Fish silage 

• Chitosan

• Collagen 

• Gelatin 

Fish Meal

Fish meal is a type of processed fishery waste originating from heads, bones, fins, gills, and residual fish meat. Fish meal and fish bone meal are generally used as raw materials for making artificial feed for livestock and farmed fish. As feed, fish meal is a protein source due to its high protein quality, relatively balanced amino acids and fatty acids, and richness in minerals and vitamins.

Fish Oil 

The next type of processed fishery waste is fish oil. Fish oil products can be in the form of fish liver oil and fish body oil. What differentiates these two types of fish oil is their raw material. The raw material for fish liver oil comes from the livers of dogfish, sharks, cod, tuna, and so on. Meanwhile, the raw material for fish body oil comes from fish residues from processing, such as canning, fish meal production, and so on. Fish oil contains many beneficial nutrients for the body, including omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Fish Silage 

Silage is a thick liquid product derived from trash fish (ikan rucah) or fishery processing residues such as heads, fillet scraps, fish viscera, and so on. This waste is deliberately liquefied by enzymes present in the fish themselves, with the aid of acids or microbes. Silage is an alternative product that can replace fish meal as a protein source in fish or livestock farming feed.

Chitosan 

Chitin is a polymer compound widely found in nature, such as in shrimp shells, crab shells, and other shelled animals. Chitosan is produced from chitin through a process of deacetylation or the removal of acetyl groups. This is done by reacting it with high-concentration alkaline solution for a relatively long time and at high temperatures. In the food industry, chitosan can be used as a solid suspension, preservative, color stabilizer, food stabilizer, filler, gelling agent, animal feed additive, and so on.

Collagen 

The next type of processed fishery waste is collagen. Fishery processing waste in the form of fish skin, bones, and scales that still contain collagen can have high economic value. The extraction of collagen from fish skin is carried out by removing fat and non-collagen proteins through soaking in sodium hydroxide or NaOH. Currently, the use of collagen in industry has spread widely, particularly in the medical, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic fields.

Gelatin

Fishery waste that can be used for gelatin production includes skin, bones, heads, viscera, and scales. However, the parts of fish waste most often extracted for gelatin production are skin and bones. Gelatin from fishery waste is produced through an extraction process, which involves two stages: pre-treatment and main extraction. Gelatin is a polypeptide that has been widely applied in various types of food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and photography industries.

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